Thyroid disorders are a significant concern for women during pregnancy and may affect both the mother and the developing baby.
The thyroid is a small gland that produces hormones to regulate metabolism, energy levels, and growth. Especially during pregnancy, these hormones play an important role in the development of the baby, particularly the brain and nervous system.
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the two common thyroid disorders that may affect pregnancy. Nearly 2–3 percent of women experience hypothyroidism and 0.4 percent experience hyperthyroidism during their pregnancy journey. Moreover, untreated thyroid disorders are associated with a 60 percent higher risk of developmental delays in the baby.
Read this article to learn about the types of thyroid disorders, tips to manage them, and how they can impact a mother and baby.
Understanding Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not secrete enough hormones. It may lead to symptoms such as weight gain, constipation, depression, fatigue, and excess lethargy.
However, if this condition is left untreated, it can develop into severe complications, such as anemia, miscarriage, and preeclampsia in the expecting mother. Hypothyroidism may also result in a low birth weight and developmental delays in the baby.
Impact of Hypothyroidism on the Mother
- Consistent tiredness throughout the day
- Low energy levels
- Increased mood swings
- Depression and anxiety
- Preeclampsia and associated complications, such as high blood pressure,
- Anemia, or low iron levels in the blood
- Higher risk of miscarriage, particularly during the first trimester
Impact of Hypothyroidism on the Developing Baby
- Higher chances of developmental delays
- Low birth weight
- Higher risk of premature birth, i.e., before 37 weeks of gestation period
- In severe cases, hypothyroidism can result in stillbirth.
Understanding Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is uncommon during pregnancy and occurs when the thyroid glands produce excessive hormones. It usually results in sudden weight loss, a fast heartbeat, anxiety, and excess sweating.
However, this condition can result in severe consequences for both the baby’s and the mother’s health, including premature birth, low birth weight, or heart failure. In certain cases, it may lead to a life-threatening situation called a thyroid storm.
Impact of Hyperthyroidism on Mother
- Increased heart rate and possible heart-related issues
- Weight loss despite high caloric intake
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- High blood pressure
- Heart failures in severe cases
- Thyroid storms in extreme cases of hyperthyroidism
Impact of Hyperthyroidism on the Developing Baby
- Risk of low birth weight
- Higher chances of early delivery
- Temporary overactive thyroid in a baby
- Birth defects in severe cases
- Higher risk of miscarriage or stillbirth
Diagnosis and Treatment
Pregnancy is a complicated phase. It is therefore important to undergo regular thyroid screening tests, which include blood tests for measuring TSH and T4 levels in the body.
In cases of hypothyroidism, the doctor may recommend synthetic thyroid hormones to balance the hormone levels.
Hyperthyroidism is a rare and critical case involving the administration of anti-thyroid medications depending on the phase of pregnancy to reduce any risks to the babies. Moreover, beta blockers may also be recommended by your healthcare provider to control symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat.
Takeaway
Thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, are a serious concern for pregnant mothers and developing babies. Therefore, proper treatment and diagnosis turn out to be the most important aspect to reduce any chances of health risks to the mother or the baby. If you suspect any such condition, visit your healthcare provider as soon as possible.
